Biography of Sociologist Charles Horton Cooley

Charles Horton Cooley was born August 17, 1864,  in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He graduated from the University of Michigan in 1887 and returned one year later to study political economics and sociology. Cooley began teaching economics and sociology at the University of Michigan in 1892 and went on to receive his Ph.D. in 1894. He married Elsie Jones in 1890 with whom he had three children. The doctor preferred an empirical, observational approach to his research. While he appreciated the use of statistics, he preferred case studies, often using his own children as the subjects on his observation.  He died of cancer on May 7, 1929. Career and Later Life Cooleys first major work, The Theory of Transportation, was in economic theory. This book was notable for its conclusion that towns and cities tend to be located at the confluence of transportation routes. Cooley soon shifted to broader analyses of the interplay of individual and social processes. In Human Nature and the Social Order, he foreshadowed George Herbert Meads discussion of the symbolic ground of the self by detailing the way in which social responses affect the emergence of normal social participation. Cooley greatly extended this conception of the looking-glass self in his next book, Social Organization: A Study of the Larger Mind, in which he sketched a comprehensive approach to society and its major processes. In Cooley’s theory of the â€Å"looking glass self,† he states that our self-concepts and identities are a reflection of how other people perceive us. Whether our beliefs about how others perceive us are true or not, it is those beliefs that truly shape our ideas about ourselves. Our internalization of the reactions of others towards us is more important than reality. Further, this self-idea has three principal elements: our imagination of how others see our appearance; our imagination of the other’s judgment of our appearance; and some sort of self-feeling, such as pride or mortification, determined by our imagination of the other’s judgment of us. Other Major Publications Life and the Student (1927)Social Process (1918)Sociological Theory and Social Research (1930) References Major Theorist of Symbolic Interactionism: Charles Horton Cooley. (2011). http://sobek.colorado.edu/SOC/SI/si-cooley-bio.htm Johnson, A. (1995). The Blackwell Dictionary of Sociology. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers.

Loves Garden in Midsummer Night’s Dream - 1048 Words

Flower colors must coordinate, lawns must be mowed, weeds must be pulled, trees must be trimmed, and bushes must be pruned. Human’s dominion over nature is displayed in a simple drive down the street. However, humanity rarely faces or recognizes the implications of this reign over nature. This need for control is accepted and even respected. In William Shakespeare’s A Midsummer Night’s Dream, fairies take an extensive control of nature which begins to reflect their attempts to express love as they deal with the love amongst themselves. The abundance of nature in the play presents a circumstance of controlling love. In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Shakespeare manipulates nature imagery to portray control of nature among the fairies and†¦show more content†¦As Oberon and Robin Goodfellow discuss the steps needed to dismantle the conflict, the two differ in their opinions of their role in nature: Robin’s fear of the night contributes to a pessimistic outlook on nature that Oberon later refutes. As the night is wiping quickly from the sky, Robin’s plea for action creates a sense of urgent doom and panic in the rising sun. The chariot of night is drawn across the sky by dragons as Robin concludes that all forbidding mischief and activity must be done with haste. Night is presented as a foe not to be harmonized with, but to be competed against. Shakespeare further builds the mischief of the night and addresses those exiled from light, those who died unworthy deaths of suicide. The shameful ghosts characterize the night as disarrayed and chaotic, returning to their undignified and wormy burial plots in apprehension of approaching daylight. The image of the black-browed night as eerie serves as a threat to the order of life and reflects nature as an antagonist, outside of the fairies’ control. However, Shakespeare juxtaposes this panicked response to nature with Oberon’s confident and calm relationship with the light of day. The difference in response comes in the different levels of power. As king, Oberon is secure enough in his supremacy to interact with Morning and negate Robin’s metaphorical fleeing from daylight. The image of a forester tromping through groves, infatuated with theShow MoreRelatedThe Man Called Peter Brook1009 Words   |  4 Pagescreated his own official theatre credentials with the Royal Shakespeare Company Production. â€Å"He has directed many Shakespeare productions for the Royal Shakespeare Company, including Loves Labours Lost (1946), Measure for Measure (1950), Titus Andronicus (1955), King Lear (1962) and A Midsummer Nights Dream (1970), (Biography).† Also, in 1971, while he was in Paris, he founded the International Centre for Theatre Research (C.I.R.T). This then became the International Center for TheatreRead MoreWi lliam Shakespeare s The Elizabethan Era1548 Words   |  7 Pagesindividuals in an arranged marriage would have likely been. A similar theme of arranged marriage is presented in A Midsummer Night’s Dream. Once again, Shakespeare presents the audience with a forceful parent, Egeus, who wishes his daughter, Hermia, to marry Demetrius even though she is in love with another man and Demetrius is a â€Å"spotted and inconstant man† (A Midsummer Night’s Dream 1.1.106). Hermia’s feelings of love are not even taken into account when she confronts her father because her marriageRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Much Ado About Nothing 1240 Words   |  5 Pagespart in the plays. Later in 1599 when The Globe Theater was built, he moved there and was a shareholder. During these times he wrote several plays for the theater. Some of these include Much Ado about Nothing, Twelfth Night, Love’s Labour’s Lost, and A Midsummer s Night’s Dream. In the y ear 1600, Shakespeare wrote the play Much Ado about Nothing. Later the following year, in 1601, Shakespeare wrote a Twelfth Night. In many ways these two plays are similar with the aspects of the differences of powerRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Romeo And Juliet2829 Words   |  12 Pagesattractive beuty Say they are saints... No other allusion of earlier date than the publication of the first quarto has been discovered. S.D.] Romeo doesn t enter at the beginning of this scene - he s been there all along, on the other side of Capulet s garden wall. However, there is no actual wall, and the earliest texts of the play provide no stage directions to indicate what Romeo does, so later editors have added them, according to how they have imagined the scene. In the previous scene, most editorsRead MoreThe Role Of The British Actress And Playwright3159 Words   |  13 Pages1850 Melodrama, burlesque, vaudeville and circus were popular sources of entertainment and were attended by the bourgeois who could afford to see theatre despite drastic price cuts at the turn of the era (as a result of remodeling London’s Covent Garden Theatre). As the mortal toll of the industrial revolution began to clock, theatre took a significant turn towards the natural, as opposed to the romantic, in the creation of the â€Å"saloon drama†. Stanislavsky, Ibsen and Strindberg are fine examples

Outsorcing Free Essays

Nowadays, many companies use outsourcing to be an alternative source to do specific work, processes, and activities to get benefits from within an organization to outside providers without aware of effects on local worker or country economic. According to Reap W. (2012), some companies in United States and other area make a lot of profits from outsourcing in term of economy and businesses such as production of material product while others are suffer from transferring outsourcing job to other countries that impact on United States economic. We will write a custom essay sample on Outsorcing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Companies should once about local workers more than self-benefit because if they continue to destroy local Job that will cause major problem to society. According to wry. Serviette. Com, what is outsourcing (n. D. ), outsourcing is a process of hiring outside internal companies or workers from domestic or abroad to do specific work such as manufacturer, marketing or even content writing. Presently, outsourcing is very popular in slow develop countries such as Laos, Vietnamese, India and Thailand because several factors. According to Overly (2007), low costing, lack of n-house resource, variable capacity, access to specific IT skills, increase flexibility to meet new business and commercial conditions , these are the major factors that lead big country come to invest outsource in undeveloped country. For example, according to Matthews (2012), many U. S companies invested in India and Vietnam such as Aids, Leno. These companies mainly produce their product oversea because lower labor cost that make them produce product in cheaper price and customer can afford it. Another example is gasoline, gasoline price is continue decrease, even Hough much oil are produce from other countries so public was stated that the factor effect to gas prices are more money spend needs and other wants. According to Plunked research, â€Å"Introduction of outsourcing and offshore industry’, one of outsource service very popular and continue to be strong hiring thousands of Jobs to work in China and India is engineer and researcher that in 2010, the number of worker in IBM is from oversea is over 80000 people and it reached to 112000 people in 2012. These examples were connected to the reasons of manufactured goods and sots, materials and services. Outsourcing causes local worker who live or work in developed country lose their Job. According to Mapping (2008), outsourcing purpose is to cut production cost by hire other foreign companies and workers to do specific work so it leads to people losing Job and 40 percent of US company is sending Job to foreign countries and over 31 percent of US citizen are lose their Job. This statistic seems obvious that outsourcing make US citizen loses their Job and it can connect to major problem. For example, according to kimono (2009), an increase of trade U. S. Jobs to oversea as well as increase of Jobs losses that has impact on U. S. Economy as a whole such as MM, Ford Motor and GE Capital have sent a high number of Jobs to other countries and chosen employ cheap labor instead of hiring worker in their country. According to the article â€Å"what is outsourcing†, one of the major factors companies choose outsourcing is cost of outsourcing that can reduce amount of money by outsourcing some of the Jobs and tasks such as content creation and server monitoring and management. According to Alex (201 1), a research shows the estimate number of outsource in 201 5 is 3. Millions Job send to oversea as a result thousand of U. S Jobs will be lost each year and it leads to be shutdown country economic and that layoff can cause stress on human mind and lives. For example, some common depression symptoms are feelings of worthlessness, helplessness, guilt, fatigue, insomnia and restlessness, according to Empower. Some symptoms of anxiety include worrying, obsessive thoughts, fear, panic, impatience, concentration problems, rapid or irregular heartbeat and nausea. Moreover, outsourcing can make many Jobs at risk to distinct, according to Opposing viewpoint â€Å"Legislation to Limit Outsourcing Is Essential and Effective†, The Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that about 51 5 occupations are at risk to distinct and 160 of these Job are change to be offshore outsource and over 300,000 occupations will disappear annual after year 2015. These reasons have showed that outsourcing causes Job losing, slow development and mental illness on people. Moreover, outsourcing causes global economic crisis which is major problem to every country because it can affect to world economic. According to Rather (2014), who has a PhD in organic chemistry from Oxford University as well as a Bachelor of Technology n chemical, In 2013, the number of unemployment is increased millions people that causes global economic crisis, in contrasted, India, a country which education has just boomed, there are now has fewer people unemployment than U. S. ‘s. According to Losing Jobs, The real impact of the Economic Crisis (2012), â€Å"As more and more businesses go to the wall, rising unemployment levels are a clear and devastating indication of the problems that workers are facing worldwide. The International Labor Organization is forecasting that more than 50 million workers could lose their bobs this year and up to 200 million more will be plunged into extreme poverty. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development says that by next year jobless numbers in rich nations could rise by eight million to 42 million. The UK has just registered the biggest quarterly Jump in unemployment since the 1981 depths of recession. † This is a result from outsourcing that lead to local worker in U. S loses their Job and it may lead to major problems. For example, according to Junker (n. D. ), investment in real capital cities is stagnant and a lot of consumers have slowed Roth in paying money and it make economic crisis. These factors are connected to slower develop country and if this continue to long-term protesting will happen in finally. On the other hand, outsourcing can improve country economy and develop country standard. According to Grant G. (n. D. ), outsourcing can offer over 90000 Jobs to local worker and foreign worker in 2003 that U. S. Companies use offshore sourcing lower costs, to allow them to hired U. S. By called for a tax credit to help pay extra money for American companies which agreed to stop hiring worker overseas operations to take umber of Jobs back to American land as part of his â€Å"incurring† agenda. Surprisingly, more than 100,000 IT Job software and hardware are moved to other countries , but the number of U. S. Job is created more than 90000 as the result from cost saving and offshore outsource. However, outsourcing can destroy country economy and overview of country. For example, outsourcing causes major problem by job losing when people lose Job, they will concern their money how to live, how to spend their money as the result they will spend money less and country economic will struggle then country will slower developed. Moreover, when people get more stress and it over limited that person can cope with, they will suicide and this problem will bring overview of country get worse so these can demonstrate that outsourcing can cause many problem that a problem connected to other and it will be major issue. In sum, U. S. Companies and government should cooperate to reduce number of using outsource to solve the following problems that will happen after offshore order to relief economic crisis and decrease number of unemployment that caused by outsourcing. How to cite Outsorcing, Papers

Adversity essay free essay sample

Adversity Essay Adversity helps us to exist, without it we would never know ones true talents. I agree with Horace’s assertion about the role that adversity plays in developing a person’s character. Adversity happens to everyone, from people struggling to hold on, to high protected politicians. When people face adversities ones true character is revealed, adversities demand a reaction, makes you determined to overcome, and you have to survive them. When it comes down to it, adversity demands a reaction. Certain people take the task while others tremble. Quite a lot people of face the struggle of poverty and loss to surface stronger and cleverer for the experience. Where others become the victims of the results, powerless to tell the difference from unfair circumstances to deeper injustices in life. Dr. Martine Flament from Youth Research Unit at The Royal Ottawa Health Care Group said â€Å"People tend to believe that things will go well if you are protected from stress and bad environments. We will write a custom essay sample on Adversity essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page But it’s unlikely this will happen all your life. Everyone will encounter adversity and will develop resiliency. † But eventually, it’s adversity that defines us and what we believe in most. Adversity gets us ready for a lifetime of authorization or persecution in the face of trying circumstances. Adversity makes you stronger and it will always affect you, it always does and that is something which you need to accept. But there is a way to overcome adversity. All you have to do is take the situations you have at hand, understand them, and look at it from different perspectives. Acceptance is the key. The more that you fight against something, the more you will lose. However, even though you have to accept it does not mean that you have to suffer from it. Adversity stays positive, but many people consider is as something negative. It reminds us of human’s ancestry; it reminds us of our vulnerability and mortality as human beings. It reminds us that life is transient; that life is short. It teaches us to live wisely; there is value in suffering and sorrow. The bible says â€Å"It is better to go to a house of mourning than to go to a house of feasting, for death is the destiny of everyone; the living should take this to heart† Which basically means, when we pay a sympathy call or visit the grave we remember our own mortality. Thus, we need to change our dilapidated ways because death is inevitable. There’s no guarantee in life; you don’t always get what you want. But I bet no one ever regrets chasing their dreams and going through hell on the way there cause in the end it’s all worth it. Your body is filled with pride, cause of the advertises you had to overcome. Even though adversities may place heavy worries on our shoulders, adversity is just a complication; all we have to do is overcome them, on our way to find out true discovery.

The Role Of A Government Persuasive Essay Example For Students

The Role Of A Government Persuasive Essay Henry David Thoreau often took extreme positions on the issue of government and its role in society. To this somewhat rebellious transcendentalist, government should not govern people at all and law was often meant to be broken. Thoreau’s belief in individualism was so strong in fact that it seems he often took sides on an in issue simply to be in favor of the minority, whether the majority was right or wrong. Certainly, it is important for one to be himself and stand up for what he believes in. However, to Thoreau’s statement that â€Å"that government is best which governs not at all† is a bit extreme. We will write a custom essay on The Role Of A Government Persuasive specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Some form of government is necessary first and foremost to prevent chaos and widespread disorder. Without laws and consequences for breaking those laws, people will do exactly what pleases them without regard to how it affects others. Theft and murder will become everyday occurrences because men without ethics will see no reason not to commit these crimes. In fact, the entire population may ending killing themselves off. In addition to an increase of crime, a significant increase in poverty is likely to occur without government leadership. Without government funding, public schools, hospitals, and transportation would be nonexistent. This in conjunction with the lack of welfare funds would obviously lead to a society of poor, uneducated, Webb 2 and sickly people. Without a doubt, a society must be under the rule of a strong government power in order to function properly. Thoreau’s statement is also too harsh because it has no regard for the fact that in a democratic society, the people essentially are the government. The whole purpose of a democracy is to ensure that the people govern themselves. Rather than being ruled by a dictator or monarch, members of a democratic society are able to have an input on how the government runs. Ideally, any law that is formed in this country is formed because the majority of the population want it to be formed. Rather than complaining about the existence of a government, Thoreau should have rejoiced at having the rights people in America have. It is doubtful that the laws of any other country would have allowed Thoreau more freedom or independence than the laws of the United States. If he felt otherwise or disagreed with the majority of the population, he should not have chosen to live in the United States. Certainly, one can see that Thoreau’s complaints about the censorship placed upon individuals by the government were unjustified. Obviously, Thoreau went too far in stating that the government should not govern at all. Without a government that does its job in governing the people, disaster will occur. While it is not the government’s place to suppress the ideas or expressions of its people, it is vital to maintaining organization. As a society, people should strive to find a medium between total lack of government and total control by the government.

A change over time essays

A change over time essays At its peak the Roman Empire was roughly the size of the United States. This is due to the huge expanison during the years of 31 BC to 180 AD. The expansion took over not only land but a vast arrangement of peoples and their cultures. The Roman empirs was one of the most diverse empires to date, and while most assimilated to fit Roman standards, just as many kept their heritage. It is because of this diverse heritage and large expansion that caused the Romans to go through many economic, political, social, and religious changes throughout a three hundred year stretch. Between the years 100 AD and 400 AD the Roman empire would go through continuous change that would eventually be its own demise. Some people will argue that the Roman empire thrived because of its large cities and merchant trading. However, in all actuallity most of its important citizens were small independent farmers spread throughout the countryside. As time went on and Roman aristocrats became greedier and power hungry, small farms joined to make large estates ran by slaves. Slaves became the backbone of the Roman economy. Many slaves came from war, some because they were abandoned, but all worked with litttle or no return. That is why there were vital, they produced vast amounts of agriculture while costing nothing. However, when wars started dwindling and disease started spreading, the number of slaves available began to decrease as well. This was the beginning of the coloni, or land leased to peasants by the aristocrats to be worked on in return for foood and shelter. Even these workers slowly began to resemble semi-slaves. Taxation was also a big money supply. In the beginning only those wi th the right blood line was a citizen of the empire and were also the only ones taxed. This changed when it was declared that any free person was a citizen to the empire, therefore broadening taxation to all. Taxation veared its head most dramatically betwee...

Impact of leadership in an organisations success Literature review

Impact of leadership in an organisations success - Literature review Example To be more precise this research question will serve a dual purpose such as highlighting positive or negative impact of leadership and analyzing different leadership styles that proved to be effective in long run. The major objectives of the study are to analyze the impact of leadership on firm’s success and establishing a relation between efficient performance and leadership approach. This research question will be supported with extensive research and outcomes will be analyzed through researcher’s perspective. Thus it shall add on to quality of research study being performed in context of leadership concept. Impact of leadership in an organizational context is highly important. It can be both negative and positive impacts on the organizational success. It has been noticed that there are enough studies and researches have been made upon this topic. But due to the extensive vastness of this topic there are still significant scopes are presents to conduct more research on this topic. Data collection methods are a vital component in a research study. There are various approaches which are adopted by a researcher in order to outline research findings. It can be stated that nature of research study determines which of the methods are most suitable. Research methods are basically of two types such as qualitative and quantitative methods. These methods are highly distinct in terms of their individual characteristics. Quantitative research method majorly relates to interaction with key personnel in the market who has a direct association with the research topic. In this approach the focus is on collecting data from the market which has some significance. However the process is not bounded to data collection but it is further extended to incorporation of statistical tools which judges relevancy of data. Leadership has significant impact on the organizational success. It has been observed that organizational successes are significantly

Alcohol Advertising Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Alcohol Advertising - Essay Example He does not start his article by giving his personal opinion but leaves space for the reader to judge and evaluate the claims. His article and research convinces the reader to believe what he states. His declaration about the symbols which are used to attract the young generation enables the reader to believe that he is experienced and his article bears some true claims and points which should be given attention. He declares "One need only recall the Bud frogs and lizards, Spuds MacKenzie, and Whassup space-alien dogs to recognize the prominence of beer advertising in youth culture." This statement also points towards the bitter reality about the advertisements which are declared to be designed for adults. He declares that the music, unrealistic ideas about friendship and animals etc used in the beer advertisement attract the young generation who live in fantasies and get motivated to take alcoholic drinks. He uses the statistics which promote his point that youngsters are more attra cted by using such characters and symbols. The use of evidences, statistics and examples can be taken as a proof of his experience and professionalism in writing. Ethos used by George A. Hacker strengthened his article and made it outstanding in capturing the attention of the readers. His sincerity to clarify the issue and use of examples to make it easy for the readers enables readers to trust his findings. He compels the readers to ponder and evaluate the truth behind these advertisements. George A. Hacker tried to interact with the audience. He takes this issue as an important discussion and involves his feelings while writing the paper. "Obviously, rules such as these don't so much protect our children as serve them up to alcoholic-beverage advertisers such as Smirnoff Vodka." It may be taken as an example of pathos. The writer gives evidence and criticizes the advertisements which are not suitable for children. He involves himself in the audience by writing "our children" instead of using "your children". This declaration creates a sense of unity and also develops a sense of responsibility, to save children from the harms of alcohol. One may feel the sarcastic tone in a few areas. This sarcasm, however, stirs up the lost emotions of the readers for the young generation. His involvement and concern to save children from the harms of alcohol can clearly be seen in this article. He further declares "We owe it to our children and to the public health and safety of Ameri ca to challenge such marketing activities, [if we have any hope of actualizing our goal to keep children alcohol free]." This statement by George A. Hacker is the highest motivational statement to evoke the feelings of people to stand up and fight against the diplomatic policies set by the government and health departments. In the statement mentioned above, he also declares the basic reason of his debate. He declares that his article is not for any other purpose but 'to keep children alcohol free'. The article provides some logical information and facts which were not clear and were important to be considered. His magical words and incredible way of justification leave a long-lasting impact on the

Discussant assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Discussant - Assignment Example In order to increase its revenue and attract more customers, the cruise line has to offer longer duration of their cruises. The cruises should have options of one to three months in order to cub competitors who are also in the game. The stock prices of Norwegian Cruise Line Holdings are too high, hence limiting shareholders (Baldwin 8). The shares should be affordable in order to attract more customers. The company should also improve its services in order to attract better investors and to make them buy the stock without considering share prices (Baldwin 20). According to customer review carried out on the cruise ships, the Carnival Corporation PLC had the most reviews. However, these reviews indicated that they are not the best when it comes to customer satisfaction (Baldwin 12). Comparing the cruises Royal, Carnival and Norwegian, the customer review was 78%, 73% and 70% respectively (Baldwin 12). This shows that Carnival does not offer the best customer service in the cruise ship industry. The customers’ reviews of NCLH are the poorest compared to their rivals. This means the cruise line should offer better customer service and be more polite in order to maintain the loyal customers and attract new customers (Baldwin 4). The cabin crew members should be polite and can listen to the customers. Also, meals offered on cruises should be improved to enable customers notice it immediately. Entertainment on board is important and should be a variety for the people to choose (Baldwin 10). Employee satisfaction could improve their services to the customers a great deal. At all times, employees deserve to be treated with respect and paid their dues well to enable them deliver the organizational goals (Griffin 300). A happy employee means a happy customer and a happy customer equals loyalty and thus the growth of the company. Moreover, NCLH

Why Authoritarian Governments In Asia Control The Media Politics Essay

Why Authoritarian Governments In Asia Control The Media Politics Essay Authoritarian regimes or governments have always been considered by western scholars or politicians as standing on the opposite side of democracy. In those states within which media are controlled, the freedom of speech, human rights and democracy remain big concerns of those democrats. Asia, the largest continent in the world, boasts its diversified politic forms, be it democratic regimes, like Japan, Hong Kong, Taiwan, South Korean and quasi-democratic ones like Thailand, as well as authoritarian ones like Mainland China, North Korean and Burma. The role of media in Asia varies with the political style, from free to control. This essay, then, mainly focuses on exploring the reason why authoritarian regime expects to take control of media from the political, cultural, technological and economic perspectives. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚  Media in authoritarian rule in Asia Authoritarian government refers to the government that concentrates power in the hands of a leader or a small group of elites unelected by the people; and is opposed to individualism and democracy. Although authoritarian governments always claim that their existence is to protect the country and to provide discipline and order to its way of life and that the traditional culture should be aggressively maintained against encroaching external or contemporary culture (Robert McKenzie, 2006 73-74), the reality is in the opposite side that those basic components of a civil society like human rights, free information, free speech, social justice, etc. are almost eliminated or constrained in the so called order and traditional culture. As what Myung-Jin Park,James Curran(1999) point out, authoritarian regimes can be divided into three major forms: single-party regime, military regime and religious regime. In Asia, countries can be entitled as authoritarian are Brunei (the executive authority lies with the unelected sultan), China (state under communist single party rule), Laos (a communist single party state), Burma (military rule), North Korea (one-party rule), Oman (ruled by a hereditary sultan, and no political parties are legal and no opposition movement), Qatar (ruled by hereditary emirates), Saudi Arabia Syria United Arab Emirates (ruled by hereditary emirates), Vietnam (communist single-party state). Media in these authoritarian regimes can be either privately or publicly owned but must resort to the control of the state. Such control means that the media are never allowed to expose the information that opposes the will of ruling class or interest groups strictly related to the government. Media can criticize the government, but not the supreme level which takes the hold of the highest power. They have certain degree of freedom, but it is only restricted to the reports and programs unrelated to political areas, such as entertainment, sports, travel, etc. In authoritarian rule, Robert McKenzie (2006) points out two procedures that are commonly implemented: censorship and punishment. In terms of the censorship of the media content, it involves two steps: state censorship and self-censorship. State censorship is applied when speech and communication are contrary to state objectives, then the content is banned for dissemination. Self-censorship is the act of intently censoring ones own publications, blogs, films, news scripts, TV programs or other means of expression without direct pressure from the authority, in order not to disseminate the content against the government objectives. So after finishing ones work, he or she may remove inappropriate material for fear of sanction by the government. With the above two kinds of censorship, media only speak the voice of the government or ruling class instead of the people. With the regard to the punishment, the consequence is always conditioned by the seriousness of the illegal content. In the authoritarian rule, the state has the right to penalize individuals and media organizations for seditious libel (Robert McKenzie, 2006). Since the authoritarian societies are under the rule of men instead of law, the punishment can be various types according to the leaders will, such as confiscating private facilities, incarceration of media professionals, expiration, long-term prison, or even death. The content of media in different countries may vary, but one common feature of the authoritarian states in Asia is that media are controlled or owned by the state. Therefore, the information the audience received in the media reflect not the interest of the people but the ruling class, no matter how capable or how hard-working the leaders are, because it is the system of a state that decides the role of the media. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¡Reasons for the authoritarian seeking to control the media According to Denis Mcquail(2005), there are four types of control over media: control of content for political reasons; control of content for cultural and/or moral reasons; control of infrastructures for technical reasons; and control infrastructures for economic reasons. These reasons can serve as a guideline for the author to explore further. 1. Control for political reasons The influence of media in political societies is immense and should never be underestimated. As what Katrin Voltmer and Gary Rawnsley (2010)point out, the function of media in democratic society is to (a) provide a forum where all voices can be heard and engage in a dialogue with each other, and (b) to act as a watchdog of the government. However, the effect of these above two functions are what the authoritarian ruling elites want to decrease, because they are not only the functions, but inherent nature of media, and if without control, the innate force will bring the media to the peoples side. Then the pluralistic opinions and voices will appear that are unlikely all to conform to the political will proposed by the ruling elites. But if we stand at the point of the authoritarian government, the control seems to be necessary, because the media have too much potential power that could be used to unseat the state or destabilize the country (Robert McKenzie, 2006 73-74). What the authoritarian governments most badly need is stability, for in chaos the power of the people will release and it is uneasy to be taken control again. Take China as an example. The government makes every effort to forbid the expressions related to Tiananmen event in 1989, for fear of arousing another wave of opponents that might shake the foundation of the superstructure. Although the information is blocked in mainland China, related videos, books, magazines and reports from abroad still remain hard evidence, which can be a great threat against the authority of communist party. Only if those media become inaccessible to people can the central government avoid losing support from the public. Therefore, the authoritarian media can also be a watchdog, but to watch people instead of the government. Beside, given that the president or premier or the elite ruling group has the high morality, responsibility, wisdom and really concern the people, it is unlikely for them to make sure that every official they appoint or appointed by their appointers other than through the election from the people obey the principles of the constitution. Holding great power and backed by the superior, bureaucractism, red-tapism and corruption will generate, which means that only by controlling the media can they cover their bad deeds, without knowing from the above and the public. But if even the supreme rulers or elites group have ulterior or scandal of their own, degree of control will be much stricter and the free of media is far from possible. In addition, since the media belong to the government, they can be used as a powerful agency to propagate, reinforce and sublimate the value and merits of the ruling concept, thus win more trust and understanding over disagreement. The news from the state-owned media is always the wise decisions and favorable policies which give the people hope and better future, but seldom is there any voice that directly criticizes the state leaders or central government. 2. Control for cultural reasons Almost all authoritarian countries in Asia have their unique as well as dominating traditional or political culture. These cultures not only determine the patterns of thought of the people, but also provide a well constructed harbor for the elite ruling groups to prevent their regime from the impact of the outside world. Media, therefore, can serve as a useful tool to further strengthen the preexisted culture on the one hand, and to broadcast and spread the domestic culture to the world on the other. In this sense, to control the media is to some extent to control the mind of the mass people. The following analysis will focus on the analysis from several powerful cultures. The most distinguished culture in Asia may be Islamism, a belief that Islam is a political ideology, as well as a faith. For this culture, to control the media is to maintain the purity of the peoples thought and enhance the loyalty to the god. It is a modernist claim that political sovereignty belongs to God, that the Sharia should be used as state law, that Muslims form a political rather than a religious bloc around the world and that it is a religious duty for all Muslims to create a political entity that is governed as such.(http://www.quilliamfoundation.org/faqs.html) Based on the above definition, religious belief becomes legitimate tool and peoples behaviors are judged by the Quran. They believe in one God and resist other religions. Then the Islamic content is dominant in media. The western thought, belief, values as well as culture are severely censored and are considered conflict to Islam. For them, the religion and politic are tied extremely close to each other. So if the religion or culture is affected by outside or different impact, the political rule will also be impaired. Another powerful culture is communist culture. In this culture, to control the media is to prevent the attack and cultural impact from the outside world.In present China, North Korea, Laos, Vietnam, the culture is shaped by communist party rather than Confucianism, even though some parts of the behaviors and thoughts still follow the principles proposed by Confucius. Communist culture is relatively young but very influential. At the very beginning of the communist party, those vanguards did set up educational and honorable examples that inspire the fellow country men and women to fight against outside invasion. They did win peoples trust that the communist party will bring them freedom, democracy and equality. But communism is based on the philosophy proposed by Karl Marx that it is possible to create an egalitarian or classless society by means of working as a collective whole. Besides, there is a huge difference of the definition of democracy. While western world regard democracy a s characterized by free speech, two or multiparty and mass election, the communism believe that the democracy is to liberate people and let people become the sovereign master. Ever since the Marxism was applied by the developing countries, the capitalism has become their enemy. The western thought and value as well as ways of running economy are all considered as against the communist belief. Therefore, everything from the western world is banned or defined as evil. In extreme case like North Korea, the image of the party is always the representative of justice, while those western capitalist societies are shown as the lack enlightenment of communist thought. In this environment, the people are deprived of the idea to fight against free speech, liberty and democracy, because as what media show, there are in this process. 3. Control for technological reasons With the development of high technology, especially the booming of the internet, the battle between media control and anti-control has been largely upgraded. Modern communications technologies mean that authoritarian governments find it ever more difficult to hermetically seal their borders and prevent their people from receiving often uncomfortable news, information and opinion from overseas sources (Katrin Voltmer and Gary Rawnsley, 2010). On the other hand, the ruling elites clearly know that to control the core technology is to hold the initiative advantage, so the high technology is not only widely applied by people, but also by the government as a fairly useful tool to exercise censorship, underground investigation as well as supervisory. In other word, the authoritarian government plays the role of defense, while the dissidents and civil right fighters act as the role of offense, and the rest becomes the audience, looking on the development of the game. This means that even though people can create some software to get access to the blocked information, government then can renew the fire-wall and all kinds of software to block the sensitive expressions, detect the opinion initiators, or even control them. After all, the power of individuals is relatively small. They do not have enough economic income to keep them fighting longer. They are intelligent and are able to find the flaw of the censorship system, but seldom is there anyone daring to cross the bottom line of the ruling class. However, the government has sufficient financial support. It can establish well-equipped companies and hire a group of highly professional hackers or internet veterans to help the information control and monitoring. New technology or the new media does provide the citizens with a platform to voice out their opinions and unfair experience with the government and the exposed officials will do meet their deserved consequence. Nevertheless, no government wants its system to be corrupted and then lose its efficiency. In this sense, new technology also helps the government to find a new method to govern the stuff and officials. 4. Control for economic reasons When studying the media issues, economic respect should be considered, for mass media is not only a social institution, but also an industry. With the regard to the present essay, the reasons of media control from the economic perspective are mainly focused on the issue of ownership. Altschull(1984) in his second law of journalism says: the contents of media always reflect the interests of those who finance them. That is to say, the economic structure of the state decides the structure of the media industry, thus determines the role of media. Specifically, in authoritarian regime, the state owns the media, and the main sources of income are advertising, consumer revenue as well as the state financial support. What should be noticed is that the most powerful enterprises in authoritarian states are commonly the state-owned or royal relates-owned industries, which contribute a lion share of the advertising investments. Those state-owned companies not only have continuously financial support from the central government, but also take control of the choices of the consumers, in other word, the market. The vulnerable private media companies, though exist, can seldom have the opportunities to set foot in the most influential market like broadcasting industry and are fac ed with severe competition from various aspects. Then the domination of powerful state-owned companies in communication industries remains as an impassable barrier for private sectors. Consequently, since the government controls the market, that media are controlled becomes a nature process. à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã‚ ¢ Conclusion The study of the relationship between government and the media involves a various range of research and analysis. The present essay at first introduces the situation of media in authoritarian regimes in Asia. When media are unable to perform as an agent of democratic transition and consolidation, they become the important means of enforcing the authoritarian or totalitarian rule. Serving as the lapdog and gatekeeper of the government and accompanied by the relevant law and policy, the position of media is fixed and can hardly be changed. Consequently, the people have to be careful with the serious censorship and take the risk of being punished if they seek to rebel the government will. The purpose for government to control the media can be analyzed in four aspects. The first one is the political aspect that government takes the media as a useful tool to maintain the stability of ideology, reinforce the governance and to hide truth and dirt deeds of the rulers themselves. In terms of the cultural reasons, the author tries to find result from studying to distinctive cases of Islam culture and communist culture. A common feature of the both cultures is that the government seeks to manipulate media through keeping the purity of the culture, thus erecting a shield to resist the western democratic thought and culture. With the regard to the technological sphere, the government does realize the potential threat from the booming internet communication, so they intently act as a powerful defender to defend the attack from the domestic and abroad on the one hand, and makes most use of the high technology to strengthen itself on the other. The last reason is from the economic sphere that since the authoritarian government has the huge influence on the market, it influences the media industry as well. Owned and financed by state-run enterprises, the media industry is unchallengeablely controlled by the government. All in all, the media independence is a long process, and the freedom of media and information follows the political reform, cultural transformation and globalization, technological advancement as well as economic development. Although media are controlled, they are still able to play a significant role in pushing forward the social progress of these authoritarian countries in Asia,

My Three Wants :: essays research papers

Abraham Maslow has made a distinction between needs and wants. A need is a basic human requirement. On the other hand, a want is a conscious desire for something. As for me, my wants are influenced by the aspirations of my heart! First, I want to attend college, Second, I want to build a Support Ministry, for hurting people, and I personally want to enjoy the splendor of life. At this point in my life these are the three wants that are most important to me. Certainly, attending college is something that I have always wanted to accomplish in life. Over the years I have become infatuated with a desire to achieve knowledge. Now as I re-enter the environment of education I look forward to every opportunity of learning, and I am excited about the virtually limitless possibilities that will be opened to me. While in college I want to do all that I can to improve myself, so that I will be able to help others. Besides, education is utterly useless if there's no one to share it with. Therefore, I want to use my education to help other people. One of the most painful pictures in this human life is to see the effect of a life devastated by physical or emotional pain. Therefore, I want to work as intensely as I can to build a Support Ministry for hurting people everywhere. I want to provide a place of comfort and support, but most of all I want to lend a listening ear. As I strive to reach these goals, it is important for me to continue my own personal journey to enjoy life to its fullest. I want to be committed to a life lived and guided by Christ. On the whole, it is my heartfelt desire to achieve my full potential in life, and to become all that God would have me to be. I am convinced that God has allowed me to live and put in me a want to be educated and a desire to build a support ministry to help others.